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Halil Hamid Pasha, also Halil Hamit Paşa (1736–1785) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 31 December 1782 to 30 April 1785. He was especially instrumental in inviting foreign experts, especially French ones, to the Ottoman Empire from 1784.〔(''Imperialism and science: social impact and interaction'' by George Vlahakis p.92 )〕 As a result French missions were sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Turks in naval warfare and fortification building.〔(''From Louis XIV to Napoleon'' Jeremy Black p.144 )〕 Up to the French revolution in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.〔''Ottoman wars 1700-1870: an empire besieged'' by Virginia H. Aksan p.202 ()〕 From 1784, André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé and Joseph-Monnier de Courtois instructed engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school ''Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn'' established by Halil Hamid Pasha.〔(''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.395 )〕 Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation.〔 Halil Hamid Pasha had argued for a path towards modernization for the Ottoman Empire, and a conciliatory stance against Russia, but he was ultimately suspected of plotting for the succession of Abdul Hamid I and future ruler Selim III, due to reactionary intrigues and the rise of the anti-French sentiment.〔(''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' by Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters p.6 )〕〔(''A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk'' Mesut Uyar,Edward J. Erickson p.199 )〕 Secret correspondence between Selim III and Louis XVI was discovered, and a plot against the current ruler was alleged.〔 Halil Hamid Pasha was beheaded, and the war party rose to power, leading the Ottoman Empire to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).〔 The French experts ultimately had to leave in 1788 with the start of the hostilities.〔 Some returned to Constantinople, but eventually all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.〔〔 Halil Hamid Pasha's son-in-law was Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha, who served as grand vizier from 1794 to 1798. ==See also== *Franco-Ottoman alliance *List of Ottoman Grand Viziers *Ottoman military reform efforts 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Halil Hamid Pasha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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